reaction of alkanes and alkenes

1. Substitution reaction

Substitution reaction is a reaction involving the replacement of an atom / group of atoms in the molecule with the atom / group of atoms other. Substitution reactions generally occur in saturated compounds (single) without any change in the characteristics of bonds (fixed saturated)
A + B - C -> A - C + B
Example substitution reaction:
Haloalkane formation reaction: reaction of alkanes with halogens
R - H + X2 -> R - X + H - X
Example:
CH3 - H + Cl2 -> CH3 - Cl + HCl
Substitution reaction of H atoms in the alcohol with reactive metals (Na, K)
H atom in the group - OH can be substituted by a reactive metal such as Na and K
R - OH + Na -> R - Ona + H2
Example:
2 C2H5 - OH + 2 Na -> 2 C2H5 - Ona + H2
 
Reaction alkoxy alkanes (ether) with PCl5 produces haloalkane
R - O - R '+ PCl5 -> R - Cl + R' - Cl + POCl3
Example:
CH3 - O - CH3 + PCl5 -> CH3Cl CH3Cl + + POCl3
 
Esterification reaction: ester formation reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids
R - OH + R '- COOH -> R "- COOR + H - OH
Example
CH3 - OH + CH 3 - COOH -> CH 3 - COOCH3 + H2O
2. Addition reaction

Addition reaction is the reaction of carbon compounds involves combining molecules. Addition reactions can also be interpreted as a reaction to the termination of the double bond (unsaturated) into single bonds (saturated).

Example substitution reaction:
H2 addition reaction to form alkanes to alkenes
H2C = CH2 + H2 -> H3C - CH3

H2 addition reaction to form a primary alcohol alkanal
C = O bond in alkanal reacts with H2 to produce a primary alcohol.

Also called reduction reaction due to the decrease in oxidation C

H2 addition reaction to ketones / alkanon produce secondary alcohols
C = O bond in alkanon / ketones react with H2 to produce secondary alcohols.

Reduction of H2O on a carboxylic acid to produce a secondary alcohol
C = O bonds in carboxylic acids will be open due to the addition of a strong reducing agent to produce a primary alcohol

3. Elimination reaction

Elimination reaction is a decomposition reaction of a molecule to other molecules in which one molecule is said to be eliminated. Eliminiasi reaction can also be said as a reaction to the formation of a single bond double bond (the reverse of an addition reaction).

H2 elimination reactions of alkanes to alkenes
CH3 - CH2 - CH3 -> CH 3 - CH = CH2 + H2
 
Water elimination reaction (dehydrogenation) of alcohol
Alcohol can react to form alkenes in the presence of excess of concentrated H2SO4 at 180oC temperature.
CH3 - CH2 - OH -> CH2 = CH2 + H2O

HX elimination reaction of haloalkane (dehydrohalogenation)
Haloalkane R - X can react with the group - OH is soluble in alcohol such as NaOH or CH3OK etanolis, forming an alkyne.

4. The oxidation reaction

The reaction involves an oxidant such as O2, O3, and KMnO4. Important oxidation reactions are with O2 reaction known as combustion.
Examples of oxidation reactions:

Oxidation of primary alcohols, secondary, and tertiary
Primary alcohols, secondary, and tertiary react differently to oxidizing agents such as K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, and O2.
Oxidation of primary alcohols, secondary, and tertiary More can be seen here.
Alkoxy alkane oxidation reaction (ether)
Alkoxy alkane compounds react with O2 to form hydroperoxides

Oxidation reaction at alkanal / aldehyde
Alkanal oxidation reaction is used as the identification of the reaction between alkanal / alkanon aldehyde / ketone. Check out the full update here.

Oxidation alkanon / ketones
Alkanon can not reduce weak oxidizing agents such as Fehling solution and the solution tollens. This attribute is used to distinguish isomers alkanon of functions, namely alkanal / aldehyde. Check out the information here.

Alkanoic acid oxidation reaction
Alkanoic acid oxidation reaction occurs only in amino acid and 1.2 etanadioat metanoat



5. Polymerization reaction

Polymerization reaction involves the incorporation of small molecules called monomers into a long chain molecules called polymers or. You can listen to the properties of polymers by clicking here. Polymerization reaction can be divided into two:

Addition polymerization: monomers combine to form a polymer
Monomer monomer + + + monomer. . . -> Polymer
Some monomer polymerizes adducts can be seen in the following table.

Condensation polymerization: monomers together to form polymers with the release of small molecules such as H2O and HCl
Monomer monomer + + + monomer. . . -> Polymer + small molecules
Some monomers undergo condensation polymerization can be seen in the following table.


Description:
PET: a polyester that can theoretically be made from mixing flatat acid (carboxylic acid) and ethylene glycol (alcohol).
Nylon 6.6: is a polyamide with a group - CON - formed from the polymerization of 1,6-diaminoheksana acid and 1,6-heksadioat.
Bakelite: a polymer formed from the polymerization of methanal and phenol.
Perspex: perspex theoretically formed from polymerization propanone (a ketone) and methanal (aldehyde)