Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Organic compounds are divided into two main classes: hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives
Hydrocarbon-derivative is a compound of carbon molecules and at least one other element that is not hydrogen
-Organic halides are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms
Public-organic halides including Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene)
Naming-halide using the same format as branched-chain hydrocarbons
-The branch is named by shortening the halogen name for fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-
-In the drawing organic halides using IUPAC names, draw the parent chain and add branches in locations specified in the name
for example.
     Cl Cl
      | |
    HCCH
      | |
      HH

  1,2-dikloroetan


Fast-reacting organic halides is described from the idea that there is no strong covalent bonds broken - the rearrangement of electrons does not involve the separation of carbon atoms
Addition of halogen can be added to the resulting alkenes or alkynes alkanes
-By adding a halogen to an alkene, the product can undergo another step Additionally, by adding halogen to the parent chain, bonds should be a single bond to accommodate halogen
for example.

  Br Br Br Br
   | | | |
 HC = CH + Br-Br => HCCH
  | |
                     Br Br


-By adding hydrogen halides to unsaturated compounds will produce isomers
   HHHHHHHHH
   | | | | | | | | |
 HC = CCH + H-Cl => HCCCH OR HCCCH
       | | | | | | |
       HCl Cl H HH H

Substitution-reactions are reactions involving the rupture of the carbon-hydrogen bonds in an alkane or aromatic ring and the replacement of a hydrogen atom by atom or group of atoms
-With light energy allows substitution reaction to move to the level of such looks. C 3 H 8 + BR 2 + light => C 3 H 7 Br + HBR
-Through the substitution reaction, the reaction to the product name, it only shows the number of locations replacement, followed by halogen prefix (eg Bromo-) and then declare the parent chain type. Also shows both created from the reaction product substitution (hydrogen bromide) for example. propane + bromine => 1-bromopropane + hydrogen bromide
-Removal is an organic reaction in which an alkyl halide reacts with the hydroxide ions to produce an alkene by removing a hydrogen ion and a halide of molecules

   Hhhhhh
   | | | | | |
 HCCCH + OH => HC = CCH + + HO Br
   | | | | |
   BRH H HH

-Alcohol has properties that can be explained by the presence of hydroxyl (OH-) functional group attached to the hydrocarbon chain
-Short-chain alcohols are very soluble in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
-Alcohol is used as a solvent in organic reactions because they are effective for both polar compounds and non-polar
-For the name of the alcohol, the-e is dropped from the final name of alkanes and substituted with-ol for example. Methane => methanol
-Methanol is also called wood alcohol because it never made by heating wood shavings in the absence of air
-Today, methanol is made by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure using a catalyst
-Methanol, however, is toxic to humans. Consuming small amounts can cause blindness or death
-When naming alcohols with more than two carbon atoms, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated
Alcohol-containing more than one hydroxyl group is called polyalcohols, such as their name indicates the position of the hydroxyl group. 1,2-ethanediol
-Alcohol undergo elimination reaction to produce alkenes via catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid, which removes or eliminates hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups
   Hhhh | | | |
 HCCH + acid => HC = CH + HO
   | | |
   H OH H

  acid + ethanol => ethene + water


-Ether is a family of organic compounds that contain oxygen atoms bonded between two groups of hydrocarbons, and has the general formula R-1 OR 2
-To add oxy ether name for the group prefixes for smaller hydrocarbons and join the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbon
for example.
  CH 3-OC 2 H 5

  methoxyethane


-Ether has a low solubility in water, low boiling point, and had no evidence of hydrogen bonding
Ether-chemistry changes when treated with reagents only strong in robust condition
Ether-alcohols formed by a condensation reaction
Condensation-reaction is the joining of two molecules and the elimination of a small molecule, usually water
Carbonyl-functional groups,-CO-, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded oxygen atoms covalently
-Aldehydes have carbonyl groups at the terminal carbon atom of the chain
-To name an aldehyde, replacing the final-e of the corresponding alkane name with the suffix-al
Small-molecule aldehydes have sharp, irritating odor while larger molecules have the smell of flowers and used to make perfume
-A ketone has a carbonyl group is present everywhere in the carbon chain except at the end of the chain
-The difference in the position of the carbonyl group affects the chemical reactivity, and allows us to distinguish aldehydes from ketones in empirical
-To name a ketone, replacing e-end of the corresponding alkane name with-one
-The simplest ketone is acetone (propanone), CH 3 COCH 3
Family-organic compounds, carboxylic acids containing carboxyl functional group,-COOH, which includes both the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups
-Carboxylic acid found in citrus fruits, and other foods with nature has a sour taste
-Carboxylic acid also has a distinctive odor (like sweat from a person's leg)
-The molecules of carboxylic acids form hydrogen bonds well with the pole and each other and with water molecules
The acid-carboxylic acid, so the litmus test to separate hydrocarbons from other derivative
-To name a carboxylic acid, replacing e-end of the alkane name with-oic, followed by a "sour" said
Methanoic-acid, HCOOH, is the first member of the family of carboxylic acids
Some acid-containing carbonyl groups of two or three such as oxalic acid, and citric acid

     COOH CH 2-COOH
     | |
     COOH HO-C-COOH
|
CH 2-COOH

    
  oxalic acid citric acid


-When carboxylic acids undergo condensation reactions, in which the carboxylic acid combines with other reactants, forming two products - organic compounds and water
-Esterification is a condensation reaction in which a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water
-Carboxylic acid + alcohol => ester + water
-Ester functional group similar to the acid, except that the hydrogen atoms of the carboxyl group is replaced by a branch of hydrocarbons
-Esther is responsible for the odor of fruits and flowers and is also added to foods for flavor and taste
-To name esters, specify the name of the alkyl group of the alcohol used in the esterification reaction
-Then change the end of the name of the acid "-oic acid" to "-oate"
-Methanol + ethanoic acid => methyl ethanoate + water
-Artificial flavorings are made by mixing synthetic ester to give the same smell of natural ingredients
Amide-A consists of the carboxyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom
-Amides can be formed in a condensation reaction
-Amida occurs in proteins, large molecules found in all living organisms
Peptide-bond joining amino acids together in a protein
-To name amides, alkanes have names with the same number of carbon atoms, by e-ending replaced by the suffix-amide
-Change the ending of the carboxylic acids of the "-oic acid" to-amide to have the results of the same name, for example. ethanamide
-Amin consists of one or more hydrocarbon groups attached to the nitrogen atom
-Through X-ray diffraction revealed that the amine functional group is a nitrogen atom bound by a single covalent bond to one, two, or three carbon atoms
-Amin is a polar substance back very soluble in water because they form strong hydrogen bonds with each other and to water
-Amin had a weird, horrible smell (eg smell of rotten fish)
-Name amines including the names of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, followed by the suffix-amine for example. methylamine
-Amin with one, two, or three hydrocarbon groups attached to the central nitrogen atom is referred to as primary, secondary, and tertiary
-Primary amine is when a hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a hydrocarbon group
-Secondary amine is when two hydrocarbon groups replace hydrogen atoms and a tertiary amine replacing all the hydrogen atoms with the hydrocarbon
-Amin used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals
-A group of amines which are found in many plants called alkaloids
-Many alkaloids affect the functioning of the central nervous system of animals
-Substitution - alkane / aromatic halogen + + => organic halide light + hydrogen halide
-Elimination - alkyl halide + OH => alkene + water | + water + halide ion
-Elimination - acid + alcohol => alkene + water